Estimation of Barium Sulphate by Gravimetry: Barium sulphate (BaSO₄) can be quantitatively estimated by gravimetric analysis. The method is based on the precipitation of sulphate ions as highly insoluble barium sulphate by adding a soluble barium salt, usually barium chloride (BaCl₂). The precipitate is separated by filtration, washed to remove soluble impurities, dried or ignited…
Fajans Method: Fajans method is a type of argentometric precipitation titration used for the quantitative determination of halide ions, particularly chloride, bromide and iodide. It is a direct titration method in which standard silver nitrate solution is used as the titrant and an adsorption indicator is used to detect the endpoint. The method is named…
Volhard’s Method and Modified Volhard’s Method: Volhard’s method is an argentometric precipitation titration used for the determination of halide ions, especially chloride, bromide and iodide. Unlike Mohr’s method, which uses potassium chromate as an indicator, Volhard’s method uses ferric ions (Fe³⁺) as the indicator. The method is based on the precipitation of halide ions with…
Mohr’s Method: Mohr’s method is a precipitation titration method (argentometric titration) used mainly for the quantitative determination of chloride (Cl⁻) and bromide (Br⁻) ions in a solution. It uses silver nitrate (AgNO₃) as the standard titrant and potassium chromate (K₂CrO₄) as the indicator. The method is based on the formation of a sparingly soluble silver…
Principle and Steps Involved in Gravimetric Analysis: Gravimetric analysis is a classical quantitative analytical technique in which the amount or concentration of an analyte is determined by measuring the mass of a pure compound containing the analyte. It is one of the most accurate methods of quantitative analysis because the final measurement is based directly…
Estimation of Sodium Benzoate: Sodium benzoate (C₆H₅COONa) is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and is widely used as a preservative in pharmaceutical preparations, foods, and beverages. It can be estimated by acid-base titration. Since sodium benzoate is the salt of a weak acid and strong base, it reacts with a strong acid such as…
Estimation of Weakly Acidic and Basic Substances: Non-aqueous titration is an acid-base titration carried out in a solvent other than water. It is especially useful for the estimation of weakly acidic and weakly basic pharmaceutical substances that cannot be titrated accurately in aqueous media. In water, weak acids and bases may undergo incomplete ionization, resulting…
Preparation and Standardization of Acidic and Basic Titrants: In volumetric analysis, a titrant is a solution of known concentration that is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. Acidic and basic titrants are commonly used in acid-base titrations. Before use, the concentration of a titrant must be accurately determined by standardization against a…
Non-Aqueous Titrations: Non-aqueous titration is a volumetric analytical method in which the titration is carried out in a solvent other than water. It is particularly useful for the assay of weak acids, weak bases, and substances that are poorly soluble in water. In aqueous titration, weak acids or bases may not ionize sufficiently to give…
Boots Flu Jab 2026 is a seasonal influenza vaccination service available at participating Boots pharmacies in the UK. Eligible people may be able to receive the NHS flu vaccine free of charge, while private vaccination may also be available for people who do not qualify for NHS vaccination. This guide explains the Boots flu jab…