Oxalic acid (C2H2O4) is a common primary standard in analytical chemistry. It can prepare molar and normal solutions for various titrations and analytical procedures. Here, we’ll outline the steps to prepare and standardize molar (1.0 M) and normal (1.0 N) oxalic acid solutions. Preparation of a 1.0 M oxalic acid …
DeepakRajput 
Primary and Secondary Standards
In analytical chemistry and quantitative analysis, the terms “primary standard” and “secondary standard” refer to different types of chemical substances used to calibrate and standardize solutions, ensuring accurate and reliable measurements. Here’s a note on primary and secondary standards: Primary Standard: A primary standard is a highly pure, stable, and …
Methods of Expressing Concentration
Concentration is a fundamental concept in chemistry and various scientific disciplines. It describes the amount of a substance (solute) present in a given volume or mass of another substance (solvent or solution). Several methods exist to express concentration, each suited to specific scenarios and analytical needs. Here’s a note on …
