Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the “fight or flight” response of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The adrenal glands, situated on top of each kidney, produce it and release it into the bloodstream in response to stress or danger. Uses 1. Anaphylaxis Treatment: Epinephrine … Read more
Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a neurotransmitter and a hormone that plays a crucial role in the sympathetic nervous system’s “fight or flight” response. It belongs to a class of compounds known as catecholamines and is closely related to another neurotransmitter, epinephrine (adrenaline). Chemical name: “4-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol.” Uses 1. Hemodynamic Support: In critical care settings, … Read more
Pregnancy is a biological process in which a woman’s body nurtures the development of one or more offspring within the uterus. It is initiated by the fertilization of an egg by sperm, leading to the formation of a zygote, which undergoes successive stages of development. Key Stages of Pregnancy 1.Fertilization Fertilization typically occurs in the … Read more
Oogenesis is the biological process in females that involves the development and maturation of germ cells, known as oocytes or eggs, within the ovaries. It is a crucial component of the female reproductive system, contributing to the production of viable eggs capable of fertilization. 1. Biological Process in Females 1. Oogenesis is a biological process … Read more
Spermatogenesis is the biological process by which spermatogonial stem cells in the male testes undergo mitotic divisions and differentiate into mature sperm cells (spermatozoa). This highly regulated and complex process occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and is essential for producing male gametes. Spermatogenesis can be divided into several distinct stages: 1. Spermatogonial … Read more
Women of reproductive age (beginning anywhere from 11 to 16 years of age) experience cycles of hormonal activity that repeat at about one-month intervals. With every cycle, your body prepares for a potential pregnancy, whether or not that’s your intention. Menstruation refers to the periodic shedding of your uterine lining when pregnancy doesn’t occur during … Read more
Gonads are reproductive organs that play a central role in the development of sexual characteristics and the production of reproductive cells (gametes). In males, the gonads are the testes, and in females, they are the ovaries. Hormones Produced by Gonads • Male Gonads (Testes): 1.Testosterone: The primary male sex hormone responsible for developing male reproductive … Read more
The pancreas is a dual-function organ with both endocrine and exocrine capabilities, located behind the stomach. As an endocrine gland, it plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels through hormone secretion. Hormones Produced by the Pancreas •Endocrine Hormones: 1. Insuline: Facilitates glucose uptake by cells, lowering blood sugar levels. 2. Glucagon: Stimulates the … Read more
•The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland in the neck, just below the larynx (voice box). It produces hormones essential for regulating metabolism and influencing various physiological processes. Hormones Produced by the Thyroid Gland 1. Thyroxine (T4): The primary thyroid hormone that influences metabolism, energy production, and body temperature. 2. Triiodothyronine (T3): A more … Read more
The adrenal glands are a pair of small, triangular-shaped glands situated atop each kidney. Comprising two distinct parts—the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla—the adrenal glands play a crucial role in the body’s response to stress and contribute to various physiological functions. Hormones Produced by the Adrenal Glands Adrenal Cortex Hormones: 1.Cortisol: A glucocorticoid that regulates … Read more
