Migraine, a neurological disorder, features recurrent, moderate to severe headaches often accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and sound. Migraines can significantly impact daily life and may last from a few hours to several days. Etiopathogenesis: Researchers believe that migraines result from a combination of …
DeepakRajput 
Stroke: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
A stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), occurs when there is a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to the damage or death of brain cells. Strokes can be ischemic, caused by a blockage in the blood vessels supplying the brain, or hemorrhagic, caused by …
Alzheimer’s Disease:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects cognitive functions, particularly memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common cause of dementia, a condition characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life. Etiopathogenesis: The exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease is …
Parkinson’s Disease:
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms. Etiopathogenesis: 1. Dopamine Depletion: Progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. 2. Lewy …
Epilepsy: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Seizures are episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that lead to various symptoms, ranging from brief periods of unconsciousness to unusual movements or sensations. Etiopathogenesis: 1. Idiopathic (Primary) Epilepsy: No identifiable cause; likely genetic factors play a role. …
Thyroid Disorders: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), leading to a slowdown of various bodily functions. Etiopathogenesis: 1. Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis): An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and …
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Definition: COPD is a progressive respiratory disease characterized by chronic airflow limitation due to inflammation of the airways and destruction of lung tissue. The term COPD encompasses two main conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is often associated with exposure to harmful gases or particles, primarily cigarette smoke, but also …
Diabetes Mellitus: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Definition: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. There are different types of diabetes, with the most common being Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Etiopathogenesis: 1. Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune Destruction: The …
Asthma: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Definition: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchospasm, and increased airway responsiveness to various stimuli. It is a common respiratory condition that can affect individuals of all ages. Etiopathogenesis: The exact cause of asthma is not fully understood, but it is likely …
