Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections caused by pathogens that typically do not cause disease in individuals with intact immune systems but can exploit weakened immunity, as seen in conditions such as HIV/AIDS, immunosuppressive therapies, or certain medical conditions. Opportunistic infections can affect various organs and systems, leading to severe and …
DeepakRajput 
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which play a crucial role in the body’s defense mechanism. The virus can lead to the progressive failure of the immune system and, if untreated, can result in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Etiopathogenesis 1. Transmission: …
Syphilis: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific clinical manifestations. If left untreated, syphilis can lead to severe complications, affecting various organs and systems. Etiopathogenesis 1. Transmission: – Mainly transmitted through sexual contact (vaginal, anal, …
Gonorrhea: Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Nonpharmacological and Pharmacological Management
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It primarily affects the genital tract but can also involve other mucous membranes, leading to a range of clinical manifestations. Etiopathogenesis 1. Causative Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative bacterium. 2. Transmission: Primarily through unprotected sexual intercourse with …
Hepatitis: Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Non-pharmacological and Pharmacological Management
Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver, commonly caused by viral infections, though it can also result from other factors such as autoimmune reactions, drug toxicity, and alcohol abuse. Viral hepatitis is categorized by different types (A, B, C, D, and E), each caused by specific viruses. Etiopathogenesis 1. Viral …
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Non-pharmacological and Pharmacological Management
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are microbial infections that affect any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. They are commonly caused by bacteria, but viruses and fungi can also be responsible. UTIs can be categorized as lower (cystitis, urethritis) or upper (pyelonephritis) depending on the …
Pneumonia: Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Non-pharmacological and Pharmacological Management
Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma. It results in the accumulation of cellular and exudative material within the alveoli, impairing normal gas exchange. Pneumonia can be caused by various infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Etiopathogenesis 1. Infectious Agents: …
