Chemical properties of cycloalkane

Screenshot 2024 02 12 153613 Chemical properties of cycloalkane

Cycloalkanes are a class of hydrocarbons featuring a circular arrangement of carbon atoms. The cyclic structure introduces a distinct degree of strain to these compounds, thereby impacting their chemical characteristics. Despite displaying lower reactivity when compared to their linear counterparts, cycloalkanes remain capable of participating in a variety of chemical reactions. 1. Halogenation in the … Read more

Method of preparation of cycloalkanes

Screenshot 2024 02 12 153114 Method of preparation of cycloalkanes

1. From Di-halogen Compounds: Suitable 1,3 or 1,4 di-halogen alkanes react with sodium or zinc to form cycloalkanes. 2. From Aromatic Compounds: Benzene can be converted into cyclohexane through catalytic hydrogenation at high temperature and pressure. 3. From Calcium or Barium salts of Dicarboxylic acids: Heating the calcium or barium salt of adipic, pimelic, or … Read more

Cycloalkanes: Definition, Nomenclature, Examples

Screenshot 2024 02 12 152012 Cycloalkanes: Definition, Nomenclature, Examples

Cycloalkanes constitute a category of organic compounds distinguished by the presence of one or more carbon-carbon single bonds organized in a closed ring or cyclic structure. This group falls within the broader category of alkanes, which are saturated hydrocarbons composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked together exclusively by single bonds. The general formula for … Read more

Optical Rotation: Definition, Mechanism, Measurement

Screenshot 2024 02 11 165638 Optical Rotation: Definition, Mechanism, Measurement

Optical Rotation Optical rotation, also known as optical activity, is a phenomenon where a substance rotates the plane of polarized light passing through it. This property is commonly observed in chiral compounds, which lack a plane of symmetry and exist in two mirror-image forms called enantiomers. Chirality and Enantiomers 1. Chirality: Chirality is a fundamental … Read more

Refractive Index: Definition, Formula, and Applications

Screenshot 2024 02 11 163528 Refractive Index: Definition, Formula, and Applications

 Definition: The refractive index (RI) is a fundamental optical property that quantifies how much a substance can bend or refract light. It is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium of interest. The refractive index is a dimensionless number, and it provides … Read more

Solid- crystalline, amorphous & polymorphism

Screenshot 2024 02 11 161518 Solid- crystalline, amorphous & polymorphism

Crystalline solid 1. Definition:    – Crystalline solids are characterized by a highly ordered and repeating three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules.    – The regular arrangement leads to the formation of a crystal lattice with well-defined planes and angles. 2. Atomic Arrangement:    – Atoms in crystalline solids are arranged in a specific … Read more

Glassy states: Definition, Characteristics, Uses

Screenshot 2024 02 11 160806 Glassy states: Definition, Characteristics, Uses

Glassy states refer to the non-crystalline, amorphous phase that certain materials exhibit when transitioning from a liquid to a solid-like state. Rapidly cooling a liquid prevents the formation of a regular, repeating crystal lattice, leading to the occurrence of this transition. The resulting glassy state lacks long-range order in the atomic or molecular arrangement. Key … Read more

Liquid crystals: Definition, Structure, Properties and Phase

Screenshot 2024 02 10 202742 Liquid crystals: Definition, Structure, Properties and Phase

Liquid crystals are a distinct state of matter that exhibits properties of both liquids and crystals. They possess an intermediate level of order and fluidity, which sets them apart from conventional liquids and solids. Understanding liquid crystals involves exploring their unique molecular organization, physical properties, and diverse applications. 1. Molecular Structure and Organization: Liquid crystals … Read more

Liquid complexes: Definition, Responses, and system

Screenshot 2024 02 10 202308 Liquid complexes: Definition, Responses, and system

Definition Mechanical Responses Competing Processes in Complex Systems Quantification of Complexity Criteria for Complexity Causes of Materials Complexity Variability in Liquids’ Complexity Upon Cooling Complexity in Classical 3D Liquids Behavior of Two-Dimensional (2D) Liquids Mosaic States in 2D Liquids Characteristic of Mosaic

Relative Humidity: Definition, Calculation, and Factors affecting

Screenshot 2024 02 10 201258 Relative Humidity: Definition, Calculation, and Factors affecting

1. Definition Relative humidity (RH) measures the amount of moisture in the air relative to the maximum amount it can hold at a particular temperature. It is expressed as a percentage and provides insights into the air’s saturation level with water vapor. 2. Calculation The formula for calculating relative humidity is: RH = (actual water … Read more