Receptors are specialized proteins located on cell surfaces, within cells, or even in extracellular spaces, which bind to specific molecules, called ligands, to initiate a cellular response. These receptors play a crucial role in various physiological processes and are classified based on several criteria: Classification of Receptors Receptors are specialized proteins located on cell surfaces, […]
Receptor theories are fundamental concepts in pharmacology that elucidate the mechanisms by which drugs interact with specific cellular targets, known as receptors, to produce their effects. These theories provide a framework for understanding the molecular basis of drug action, which is essential for drug discovery, development, and optimization of therapeutic interventions. In this detailed note, […]
Principles and mechanisms of drug action are fundamental concepts in pharmacology, the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a therapeutic effect. Understanding these principles is crucial for developing new drugs, optimizing existing therapies, and minimizing adverse effects. Below is a detailed note covering the principles and mechanisms of drug action: Principles […]
Pharmacodynamics is the branch of pharmacology concerned with the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body and their mechanisms of action. It explores how drugs interact with their molecular targets, leading to physiological responses, and how these responses vary across different individuals and conditions. Understanding pharmacodynamics is crucial for optimizing drug therapy, predicting […]
The kinetics of elimination refers to how drugs are removed from the body following administration. Understanding the kinetics of elimination is crucial for determining drug dosing regimens, predicting drug concentrations over time, and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. This detailed note will explore the various aspects of elimination kinetics, including clearance, half-life, and factors influencing drug elimination. […]
Enzyme induction and inhibition are two crucial pharmacological phenomena that play significant roles in drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and the therapeutic efficacy of medications. Understanding these processes is essential for predicting and managing the effects of drugs within the body. 1. Enzyme Induction Enzyme induction refers to the process by which the expression or activity […]
Pharmacokinetics refers to the study of how drugs move through the body. It involves several key processes including membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Understanding these processes is crucial for predicting how drugs will behave within the body, determining appropriate dosages, and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. 1. Membrane Transport Membrane transport is how drugs cross […]
These substances, known as allergens, can trigger an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, pet dander, certain foods, insect stings, and certain medications. Key points about allergies include 1. Immune Response: Allergic reactions result from the immune system mistakenly identifying a harmless substance as a threat. The immune system then […]
Idiosyncrasy refers to an individual’s unique and unexpected response to a drug, treatment, or substance that is not a typical reaction observed in the general population. These reactions are often unpredictable and may result from a person’s particular genetic makeup or other individual factors. Key Characteristics of Idiosyncratic Reactions 1. Unpredictability Idiosyncratic reactions are not […]
Tachyphylaxis, also known as acute tolerance, is a phenomenon characterized by a swift and temporary decrease in the response to a drug following its rapid or repeated administration. Unlike traditional tolerance, which develops over time with prolonged drug use, tachyphylaxis occurs rapidly within a short period, often within the same administration or over a few […]
