Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. It is often referred to as a “silent disease” because it typically progresses without symptoms until a fracture occurs. Epidemiology of Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a common condition that affects millions … Read more
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease where the immune system attacks the body, causing long-term inflammation. It mainly targets flexible (synovial) joints but can also affect other tissues and organs. RA often causes pain and stiffness, especially in the hands and feet, and can lead to disability and difficulty moving if not treated. A key … Read more
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) refers to liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption. The liver processes alcohol, but when intake exceeds the liver’s capacity to metabolize it, toxic byproducts accumulate, leading to liver injury. ALD encompasses a range of liver conditions, from fatty liver to cirrhosis, and is one of the most common causes of … Read more
Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections, toxins, autoimmune diseases, or other factors. Viral hepatitis is the most common cause, categorized by types A, B, C, D, E, and a less-known F (though F remains debated as a separate entity). Each type differs in mode of transmission, clinical course, and long-term … Read more
Jaundice is a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera (the whites of the eyes) due to an elevated level of bilirubin in the blood, a condition called hyperbilirubinemia. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed during the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs) and is normally processed by the liver … Read more
Aim: Estimation of serum biochemical parameters using semi-autoanalyzer References 1. Objective To estimate various serum biochemical parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and liver function markers using a semi-autoanalyzer. 2. Principle A semi-autoanalyzer is a photometric instrument used to measure biochemical parameters in serum samples. The method relies on specific chemical reactions producing a … Read more
Aim: Effect of agonists and antagonists on guinea pig ileum References 1. Objective To study the effects of agonists and antagonists on guinea pig ileum and analyze their pharmacological responses using an isolated tissue bath setup. 2. Principle The guinea pig ileum is a smooth muscle preparation that contracts in response to cholinergic and histaminergic … Read more
Aim: Study of effect of drugs on gastrointestinal motility. References 1. Objective To evaluate the effect of various drugs on gastrointestinal (GI) motility in experimental animals using standard techniques such as charcoal meal test, BaSO₄ meal test, and intestinal transit measurement. 2. Principle Gastrointestinal motility refers to the movement of food and secretions through the … Read more
Aim: Study of anti-ulcer activity using pylorus ligation (shay) rat model and nsaid-induced ulcer model References 1. Objective To evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of a test drug using the Pylorus Ligation (Shay) Rat Model and NSAID-Induced Ulcer Model by assessing ulcer formation, gastric secretions, and ulcer index. 2. Principle Peptic ulcers result from an imbalance … Read more
Aim: Anti-allergic activity by mast cell stabilization assay References 1. Objective To evaluate the anti-allergic activity of a test compound by assessing its ability to stabilize mast cells and prevent degranulation. 2. Principle Mast cells play a crucial role in allergic reactions by releasing histamine and other inflammatory mediators upon degranulation. Stabilization of mast cells … Read more
