Introduction to Causality assessment Causality assessment is a critical process in pharmacovigilance aimed at determining whether a specific drug is responsible for an observed adverse drug reaction (ADR). It helps in identifying the strength of the relationship between drug exposure and the adverse event. Causality assessment is complex, as multiple factors like the patient’s condition, … Read more
Introduction to Adverse Drug Reactions Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are an essential aspect of drug safety monitoring and are critical for ensuring the safe use of medicines. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an ADR is defined as any unintended, harmful reaction to a drug administered at normal doses for prevention, diagnosis, or treatment. … Read more
Aim: Determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) References: 1. Bull, B. S., & Brecher, G. (2005). Clinical Hematology: Principles, Procedures, Correlations. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2. Lewis, S. M., Bain, B. J., & Bates, I. (2006). Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology. Churchill Livingstone. 3. International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) Guidelines for ESR measurement. … Read more
Pharmacovigilance (PV) plays a vital role in healthcare by monitoring the safety of medicines and ensuring that their benefits outweigh any potential risks. It is a scientific discipline that involves the collection, detection, assessment, and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug-related problems. The goal of pharmacovigilance is to enhance patient safety by … Read more
Aim: Effect of spasmogens and spasmolytics using rabbit jejunum References 1. Goyal, R. K., & Hirano, I. (1996). “Gut motility and regulatory mechanisms.” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 22(4), 293-310. 2. Rang, H. P., Dale, M. M., Ritter, J. M., & Moore, P. K. (2011). “Pharmacology” (7th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Tripathi, K. D. (2019). “Essentials … Read more
Aim: Determination of PD₂ Value using Guinea Pig Ileum References: 1. Gaddum, J.H. (1957). “Theories of Drug Antagonism.” Pharmacological Reviews, 9(3), 211-218. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., Flower, R.J., & Henderson, G. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology. 8th edition. Elsevier. Objective: To determine the PD₂ value of an antagonist using the guinea pig … Read more
Aim: Determination of pA₂ Value of Prazosin Using Rat Anococcygeus Muscle (Schild Plot Method) References 1. Arunlakshana, O., & Schild, H.O. (1959). Some quantitative uses of drug antagonists. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, 14(1), 48-58. 2. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 3. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, … Read more
Aim: Bioassay of Acetylcholine Using Rat Ileum or Colon by Four-Point Bioassay References 1. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., & Flower, R.J. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology (8th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Schild, H.O. (1947). The bioassay of acetylcholine on the … Read more
Aim: Bioassay of Serotonin Using Rat Fundus Strip by Three-Point Bioassay References 1. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., & Flower, R.J. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology (8th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Schild, H.O. (1947). The bioassay of serotonin on the rat … Read more
Aim: Bioassay of Oxytocin Using Rat Uterine Horn by Interpolation Method References 1. Ghosh, M.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology (6th ed.). Hilton & Company. 2. Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., & Flower, R.J. (2015). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology (8th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. 3. Schild, H.O. (1947). The bioassay of oxytocin on the rat … Read more
