The adrenal glands are a pair of small, triangular-shaped glands situated atop each kidney. Comprising two distinct parts—the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla—the adrenal glands play a crucial role in the body’s response to stress and contribute to various physiological functions.

Hormones Produced by the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Cortex Hormones:

1.Cortisol: A glucocorticoid that regulates metabolism, suppresses the immune system, and helps the body respond to stress.

2.Aldosterone: A mineralocorticoid that regulates salt and water balance by influencing sodium and potassium reabsorption in the kidneys.

3.DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone): A precursor to sex hormones (androgens and estrogens).

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

1.Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Prepares the body for the “fight or flight” response by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow to vital organs.

2.Norepinephrine: Works alongside epinephrine to mobilize the body for rapid action during stress.

Functions of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Cortex Functions:

1.Stress Response: Cortisol helps the body respond to stress by increasing blood glucose, suppressing the immune system, and providing energy.

2.Mineral and Water Balance: Aldosterone regulates salt and water balance, influencing blood pressure.

3.Metabolism Regulation: Cortisol affects metabolism and the breakdown of proteins and fats.

Adrenal Medulla Functions

1.Stress Response: Epinephrine and norepinephrine rapidly prepare the body for a quick and intense response to stressors.

2.Cardiovascular Effects: Increase heart rate and redirect blood flow to vital organs during the “fight or flight” response.

Through the coordinated action of their cortex and medulla, the adrenal glands play a pivotal role in the body’s ability to respond to stress, maintain homeostasis, and regulate various physiological processes.