Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, which folds into a functional protein. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and involves ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and various enzymatic […]
The genetic code is a set of rules by which the information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. Specifically, the genetic code defines how sequences of nucleotide triplets, called codons, specify which amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain during the process of translation. […]
Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). This is the first step in gene expression, leading to the synthesis of proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Here is a detailed note on transcription. Key Steps […]
DNA replication is a fundamental process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division, ensuring that each daughter cell inherits an identical copy of the DNA. The semi-conservative model of DNA replication is the accepted mechanism by which DNA replication occurs. This model was proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953 and confirmed […]
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acids essential for the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information in all living organisms. Despite their similarities, they have distinct structures and functions. Structure of DNA Chemical Composition 1. Nucleotides: Components: Each nucleotide consists of three components: A nitrogenous base: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine […]
The mammalian genome is a complex and highly organized structure composed of DNA and associated proteins, contained within the cell nucleus. This organization facilitates the efficient packaging, replication, and expression of genetic information. Here is a detailed note on the various aspects of mammalian genome organization: Chromosomal Structure 1. Chromosomes: Mammalian genomes are divided into […]
The catabolism of purine nucleotides involves the breakdown of adenine and guanine into uric acid, which is then excreted from the body. This process involves several enzymatic steps and occurs primarily in the liver. Breakdown of Adenine Nucleotides 1. Deamination of AMP: Enzyme: AMP deaminase. Reaction: AMP (adenosine monophosphate) is converted to IMP (inosine monophosphate) […]
Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotide biosynthesis is a crucial biochemical process that generates the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It involves the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides through complex pathways that ensure a balanced supply of these essential molecules for cellular functions. Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotide Purine nucleotides (adenine and guanine) are synthesized via […]
Nucleic acid metabolism encompasses the synthesis and degradation of nucleic acids, which include DNA and RNA. These processes are vital for the maintenance, replication, and expression of genetic information. DNA Metabolism 1. DNA Replication Initiation: Replication begins at specific locations in the genome called origins of replication. Initiator proteins bind to these origins, causing the […]
