The regulation of respiration is a complex process involving multiple factors and mechanisms that ensure the body maintains appropriate levels of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the bloodstream. Respiration, the process of breathing, is regulated by various neural, chemical, and mechanical factors to maintain adequate gas exchange and acid-base balance in the body. […]
Respiration is the process by which organisms exchange gases with their environment, primarily involving the intake of oxygen (O2) and the release of carbon dioxide (CO2). In humans, respiration consists of two main processes: external respiration, which occurs in the lungs, and internal respiration, which occurs at the cellular level in tissues throughout the body. […]
The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the external environment. It consists of the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx, while the lower respiratory tract comprises the trachea, bronchi, […]
Spinal Cord The spinal cord is a cylindrical bundle of nerves that extends from the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is encased within the vertebral canal formed by the vertebrae. The structure of the spinal cord can be divided into several regions: 1. Gray Matter: Gray Matter refers to the […]
Structure and functions of the brain Structure and functions of the brain: The brain is a complex organ with various structures that work together to regulate numerous physiological and cognitive functions. It is broadly divided into three main parts: the cerebrum, the brain stem, and the cerebellum. Each of these structures has distinct anatomical features […]
Central Nervous System The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord, encased in protective layers and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Understanding the anatomy and functions of the meninges, ventricles of the brain, and CSF is crucial for comprehending CNS health, pathology, and therapeutic interventions. 1. Meninges The meninges are three protective […]
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that play a crucial role in transmitting signals across synapses in the nervous system. These signaling molecules transmit information from one neuron to another or from neurons to target cells (e.g., muscles or glands). Neurotransmitters can be classified based on various criteria, and each type has specific properties. Here’s a classification […]
A synapse is a specialized junction that allows communication between neurons or between a neuron and its target cell, such as a muscle or gland. Synapses play a critical role in transmitting signals within the nervous system. They can be classified based on various criteria, and each type has distinct properties. Here’s a classification and […]
Receptors can be classified based on various criteria, including their location, mechanism of action, and the types of signals to which they respond. Here’s a broad classification and an overview of the properties of receptors: Based on Location 1. Cell Surface Receptors: Integral Membrane Proteins: These receptors are embedded within and typically span the plasma […]
An action potential is a rapid and transient change in the membrane potential of a cell, particularly in excitable cells like neurons and muscle cells. This phenomenon is a key mechanism for transmitting signals within the nervous system and initiating muscle contractions. The process of an action potential involves a series of electrical events that […]
