Introduction Distillation under reduced pressure, often referred to as vacuum distillation, is a process that involves the distillation of liquids at pressures lower than atmospheric pressure. This method is particularly useful for separating components with high boiling points or those prone to thermal degradation at elevated temperatures. The basic principles …
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Fractional Distillation: Basic Principles and Methodology
Introduction to Fractional Distillation Fractional distillation is an advanced separation technique that refines the principles of simple distillation. It is employed to separate components in a liquid mixture based on their boiling points by utilizing a fractionating column, which enhances the separation efficiency. This process is crucial in the production …
Flash Distillation: Principles, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits
Introduction to Flash Distillation Flash distillation is a widely used separation process in chemical engineering, particularly in the petrochemical and oil industries. It is a continuous separation technique that exploits the differences in boiling points of components in a liquid mixture, creating a vapor-liquid equilibrium at reduced pressures. Basic Principles …
Distillation: Basic Principles and Methodology of Simple Distillation
1. Introduction to Distillation Distillation is a separation process that exploits differences in the volatility of components in a liquid mixture. It is commonly used for purifying liquids, separating components based on their boiling points. The basic principle involves heating the liquid mixture to create vapor and then cooling the …
Multiple Effect Evaporator: Principles, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, Demerits, and Economy
1. Principles: A multiple-effect evaporator is a thermal processing unit designed to efficiently evaporate water or other solvents from a liquid by utilizing the heat from multiple sources. The principle involves the use of multiple evaporator vessels, each operating at a progressively lower temperature and pressure, creating a cascading effect …
Forced Circulation Evaporator: Principles, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits
1. Principles: In a forced circulation evaporator, the liquid to be evaporated is actively pumped through the heat exchanger tubes at a velocity high enough to prevent boiling on the tubes’ surfaces. This design ensures rapid circulation, promoting efficient heat transfer and evaporation. 2. Construction: a. Pump: – A pump …
Horizontal Tube Evaporator: Principles, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits
1. Principles of Horizontal Tube Evaporator A horizontal tube evaporator is a type of heat exchanger that employs the principles of evaporation to concentrate a liquid solution. It operates by passing the solution through a series of horizontal tubes while steam is condensed on the outer surface of the tubes, …
Steam Jacketed Kettle: Principles, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits
1. Principles of Steam Jacketed Kettle A steam jacketed kettle is a cooking vessel designed for the efficient and uniform heating of food products. It operates on the principle of indirect heating, where steam is circulated in the space between the inner and outer walls of the kettle, transferring heat …
Differences Between Evaporation and Other Heat Processes
1. Evaporation vs. Boiling: Definition: – Evaporation: The process of converting a liquid into vapor at temperatures below its boiling point, occurring at the liquid’s surface. – Boiling: The process in which a liquid transforms into vapor throughout the entire bulk of the liquid, typically at its boiling point under …
Evaporation: Objectives, Applications, and Factors Influencing Evaporation:
1. Objectives of Evaporation: a. Water Removal: Often, people use evaporation to eliminate excess water or moisture from substances, resulting in the concentration or drying of a specific material. b. Cooling: In many cooling systems, such as sweat evaporating from the skin or water evaporation from wet surfaces, the objective …
