Glaucoma refers to a group of eye disorders characterized by damage to the optic nerve, often associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP), which can lead to vision loss and blindness if left untreated. Management of glaucoma primarily involves the use of medications aimed at lowering IOP to prevent further damage …
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Drugs Used in Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, typically resulting from antibodies targeting the acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction. Treatment of MG primarily involves the use of medications aimed at improving neuromuscular transmission and reducing symptoms. Here’s a detailed note covering the …
Local Anesthetic Agents
Local anesthetic agents are medications used to induce reversible loss of sensation in a specific area of the body, without causing loss of consciousness. They are widely employed in various medical procedures to alleviate pain and discomfort. Here’s a detailed note covering their definition, classification, pharmacological actions, doses, indications, and …
Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral)
Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral) are classes of drugs used to induce muscle relaxation in surgical and critical care settings. They act at the neuromuscular junction to inhibit or block the transmission of nerve impulses from motor neurons to skeletal muscle fibres, leading to paralysis or …
Sympatholytics, adrenergic blockers or adrenergic antagonists
Sympatholytics, adrenergic blockers, or adrenergic antagonists Sympatholytics, also known as adrenergic blockers or adrenergic antagonists, are a class of drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by blocking adrenergic receptors. These receptors are targets for the neurotransmitters adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and their activation leads to …
Sympathomimetics or adrenergic agonists or adrenergic drugs
Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) are hormones and neurotransmitters that play essential roles in the body’s response to stress and danger. 1. Adrenaline (Epinephrine): – Definition: Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress, excitement, or danger. It helps prepare the body for physical …
Parasympatholytics or anticholinergics or parasympathetic blockers
Parasympatholytics, also known as anticholinergics or parasympathetic blockers, are a class of drugs that antagonize the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) at muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system. These drugs inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system’s actions, leading to various physiological effects. Classification of Parasympatholytics Parasympatholytics can be classified based on …
Parasympathomimetics/ cholinergic agonists or muscarinic agonists
Parasympathomimetics, also known as cholinergic agonists or muscarinic agonists, are drugs that mimic the action of the parasympathetic nervous system by stimulating the cholinergic receptors. These receptors are predominantly found in various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the heart, smooth muscles, exocrine glands, and central nervous system. Classification …
Neurohumoral transmission, co-transmission, and classification of neurotransmitters
Neurohumoral transmission, co-transmission, and the classification of neurotransmitters are fundamental concepts in neurobiology that explain how neurons communicate with each other and target cells in various body systems. Let’s delve into each of these topics in detail: Neurohumoral Transmission Neurohumoral transmission refers to the process by which neurons communicate with …
Organization and function of ANS
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a critical component of the peripheral nervous system responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions. It acts largely unconsciously to control various physiological processes, including heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, glandular secretion, and sexual arousal. The ANS operates through a complex network of neurons, neurotransmitters, …
