Definition of Alkaloids Alkaloids are a diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds that primarily contain basic nitrogen atoms. They are typically derived from plant and animal sources and have significant pharmacological effects on humans and other animals. Alkaloids are known for their wide range of biological activities and are often used in medicine, agriculture, […]
The Amino Acid Pathway is a critical metabolic route that not only contributes to protein synthesis but also serves as a precursor for a wide variety of secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites, derived from amino acids, play significant roles in plant defense, pigmentation, aroma, flavor, and therapeutic applications. Amino acid-derived secondary metabolites include alkaloids, glucosinolates, […]
The Acetate Pathway, also known as the Polyketide Pathway, is a fundamental metabolic route in organisms like plants, fungi, and bacteria. This pathway plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of a wide range of secondary metabolites, such as fatty acids, polyketides, prostaglandins, and various antibiotics. The acetate pathway derives its name from its precursor, […]
The Shikimic Acid Pathway is an essential metabolic route in plants, fungi, and some bacteria, leading to the synthesis of aromatic amino acids and a diverse range of secondary metabolites. This pathway plays a central role in the metabolism of these organisms, connecting carbohydrate metabolism with the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and other aromatic compounds. […]
The evaluation of liquid oral preparations, such as syrups, elixirs, suspensions, and emulsions, involves a series of tests and standards outlined in pharmacopoeias. These tests ensure that the products meet the required quality, safety, and efficacy standards. The following are key evaluation parameters commonly found in major pharmacopoeias such as the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), […]
Filling and packaging are critical steps in the production of liquid orals, including emulsions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. These steps ensure that the product is safely contained, properly labeled, and protected from environmental factors that could affect its stability and efficacy. Filling Process 1. Preparation for Filling Bulk Product Transfer: The bulk liquid product is […]
Emulsions are liquid oral dosage forms where one liquid is dispersed in another immiscible liquid in the form of small droplets. They are commonly used to deliver drugs that are poorly soluble in water or to improve the taste and palatability of oily drugs. Proper formulation and manufacturing of emulsions are crucial to ensure stability, […]
Suspensions are a type of liquid oral dosage form where solid particles of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are dispersed in a liquid medium. They are used to deliver drugs that are insoluble or poorly soluble in water, providing an alternative to solutions. Proper formulation and manufacturing of suspensions are critical to ensure stability, efficacy, […]
Elixirs are liquid oral dosage forms that contain medicinal ingredients dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and water. They are used to deliver drugs in a palatable and easily absorbed form. The formulation and manufacturing of elixirs require careful attention to ensure effectiveness, stability, and patient acceptance. Formulation of Elixirs 1. Definition Elixirs: Clear, sweetened […]
Syrups are a popular form of liquid oral dosage due to their palatability and ease of administration. They are used to deliver both therapeutic agents and nutrients. The formulation and manufacturing of syrups involve several key considerations to ensure efficacy, stability, and patient acceptability. Formulation of Syrups 1. Definition Syrups: Concentrated solutions of sugar or […]
