The illegal cultivation, manufacture, sale, and export of opium are subject to severe penalties under both international and national laws. The regulations surrounding these activities aim to prevent the illicit production and trafficking of opium, which can fuel drug abuse and organized crime. Governments enforce stringent penalties to deter unauthorized …
DeepakRajput 
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum): General Introduction, Composition, Chemistry, Bio-Sources, Therapeutic Uses, and Commercial Applications
General Introduction Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), also known as cilantro (for its leaves) or Chinese parsley, is a herb from the Apiaceae family. It is native to regions spanning Southern Europe, North Africa, and Southwestern Asia. The plant is grown for both its leaves and seeds, which are extensively used in …
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): General Introduction, Composition, Chemistry, Bio-Sources, Therapeutic Uses, and Commercial Applications
General Introduction Fennel is a flowering plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, native to the Mediterranean region but now widely cultivated worldwide. The plant is known for its aromatic seeds, leaves, and bulbs, which are used both as a culinary spice and for medicinal purposes. Fennel is particularly valued in …
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.): General Introduction, Composition, Chemistry, Bio-Sources, Therapeutic Uses, and Commercial Applications
General Introduction Cinnamon is one of the oldest known spices, derived from the inner bark of trees belonging to the Cinnamomum genus, primarily Cinnamomum verum (True Cinnamon or Ceylon Cinnamon) and Cinnamomum cassia (Cassia). It is native to Sri Lanka, India, China, and Southeast Asia. Cinnamon is highly valued for …
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): General Introduction, Composition, Chemistry, Bio-Sources, Therapeutic Uses, and Commercial Applications
General Introduction Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a dried flower bud derived from the tree of the same name, native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and now widely cultivated in tropical regions such as Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and India. Clove has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, cooking, and …
Mentha (Mint): General Introduction, Composition, Chemistry, Bio-Sources, Therapeutic Uses, and Commercial Applications
General Introduction Mentha, commonly known as mint, is a genus of plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, comprising about 25-30 species. These aromatic perennials are native to Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa. Mint plants are well known for their refreshing aroma, cooling sensation, and diverse applications in food, cosmetics, …
Volatile Oils: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are concentrated hydrophobic liquids containing volatile aroma compounds extracted from plants. They are termed “volatile” due to their ability to evaporate at room temperature, thus readily releasing their aromatic components into the air. These oils are responsible for the characteristic fragrances of …
Digitalis: General Introduction, Composition, Chemistry, Bio-Sources, Therapeutic Uses, and Commercial Applications
General Introduction Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennials, shrubs, and biennials commonly known as foxgloves. The most commonly known species within this genus, Digitalis purpurea (the common foxglove), has been used medicinally for centuries, primarily for its cardiac glycosides, which are compounds that influence heart …
Dioscorea: General Introduction, Composition, Chemistry, Bio-Sources, Therapeutic Uses, and Commercial Applications
General Introduction Dioscorea, commonly known as “Yam,” refers to a genus of tuberous plants in the family Dioscoreaceae. This genus includes over 600 species, many of which are valued for their edible tubers and medicinal properties. Dioscorea species are native to tropical and subtropical regions, including Africa, Asia, and Central …
Liquorice: General Introduction, Composition, Chemistry, Bio-Sources, Therapeutic Uses, and Commercial Applications
General Introduction Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), also spelled as “Licorice,” is a perennial herb that belongs to the Fabaceae family. The plant is native to Southern Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia, including India and China. The name “liquorice” is derived from the Greek words “glukos” (sweet) and “riza” …
