Fibrinolytics, also known as thrombolytic agents or clot-busting drugs, are a class of drugs that dissolve blood clots by breaking down fibrin, the structural protein of clots. They work by activating plasminogen to plasmin, which degrades fibrin and helps restore normal blood flow. These agents are commonly used in the treatment of conditions such as … Read more
Anticoagulants are drugs or chemical substances that prevent or reduce blood coagulation, thereby inhibiting the formation of blood clots (thrombi). They are commonly used to treat or prevent conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, and stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation or other clotting disorders. Examples include heparin, warfarin, and direct oral … Read more
Hematinics are agents that improve the quality and quantity of red blood cells and are used primarily in the treatment of anemia. Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells, which impairs the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Hematinics can be used to address various types … Read more
Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated levels of lipids in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides. This condition is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs, also known as lipid-lowering agents, are used to manage and reduce high lipid levels to lower the risk of … Read more
Arrhythmias are disorders of the heart rhythm, which can range from benign to life-threatening conditions. Anti-arrhythmic drugs are used to treat and prevent these rhythm disturbances by modifying the electrical activity of the heart. Introduction Anti-arrhythmic drugs are medications designed to treat abnormal heart rhythms. They work by altering the electrical impulses in the heart, … Read more
Angina pectoris, commonly referred to as angina, is a symptom of myocardial ischemia characterized by chest pain or discomfort due to insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle. Anti-anginal drugs are used to alleviate symptoms, improve exercise tolerance, and prevent acute coronary events. Introduction Anti-anginal drugs are medications designed to manage and treat angina pectoris. … Read more
Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack, stroke, and heart failure. Anti-hypertensive drugs are used to manage and treat hypertension by lowering blood pressure to prevent these complications. Introduction Anti-hypertensive drugs are medications designed to reduce elevated blood pressure. They work through various mechanisms … Read more
Hemodynamics of the Heart Hemodynamics refers to the dynamics of blood flow, the forces and motion of blood through the cardiovascular system. It involves the study of cardiac function and the systemic circulation, providing insights into how the heart pumps blood and how blood is distributed throughout the body. Key Concepts in Hemodynamics: 1. Cardiac … Read more
Drug therapy for shock Drug therapy for shock: Shock is a severe and life-threatening medical condition marked by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation, leading to impaired cellular metabolism and dysfunction. It results from a critical failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate blood flow to the body’s vital organs, such as the brain, heart, … Read more
