The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation are critical for ATP production in aerobic organisms. Several inhibitors can interfere with the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation, leading to reduced or halted ATP synthesis. These inhibitors can affect specific complexes within the ETC, mobile electron carriers, or the ATP synthase enzyme. …
DeepakRajput 
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Its Mechanism
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is synthesized using the energy released by the transfer of electrons through the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) to molecular oxygen. This process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is the primary method of ATP production in aerobic organisms. Mechanism of Oxidative …
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Its Mechanism
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that plays a critical role in cellular respiration. It is the final stage of aerobic respiration, where the energy stored in NADH and FADH2, generated during glycolysis, the citric acid …
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Level
The regulation of blood glucose levels is a complex and tightly controlled process involving several hormones. The two primary hormones responsible for maintaining blood glucose homeostasis are insulin and glucagon, both produced by the pancreas. 1. Insulin Source: Produced by beta cells in the pancreas. Function: Stimulates glucose uptake by …
Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD)
Glycogen Metabolism Pathways Glycogen metabolism involves the synthesis (glycogenesis) and breakdown (glycogenolysis) of glycogen, a highly branched polymer of glucose units. It is a dynamic process that helps regulate blood glucose levels and provides a rapid energy source when needed. 1. Glycogenesis: Enzyme: Glycogen synthase is the key enzyme in …
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency
1. Introduction Definition: Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency or dysfunction of the enzyme G6PD, which plays a crucial role in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP). Inheritance: Typically inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, affecting males more frequently than females. 2. Role of G6PD …
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Shunt)- Pathway, energetics and significance
1. Introduction Definition: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP), also known as the Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) Shunt, is a metabolic pathway that operates alongside glycolysis, providing alternative routes for glucose metabolism. Purpose: The pathway serves both anabolic and catabolic functions, producing NADPH for biosynthetic processes and generating pentose sugars crucial for …
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle): Pathway, energetics and significance
1. Introduction Definition: The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic pathway that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, serving as a hub for the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from various nutrient sources. Key Molecules: The involvement of tricarboxylic acids often earns the citric acid cycle the name TCA (Tricarboxylic …
Gluconeogenesis: Pathway, energetics and significance
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that involves the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, primarily occurring in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys. This biosynthetic process is crucial for maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting, starvation, or low-carbohydrate intake when glucose becomes limited. Gluconeogenesis reverses several …
Glycolysis: Pathway, energetics and significance.Glycolysis
1. Introduction Glycolysis Definition: Glycolysis is a central and universal metabolic pathway occurring in the cytoplasm of cells, where a molecule of glucose is enzymatically broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. This multi-step process involves both the investment and generation of ATP, with the overall goal of producing energy …
