Ear preparations, also known as otic formulations, are specialized pharmaceutical products intended for administration into the external auditory canal. They are used for local treatment of ear conditions such as infections, inflammation, pain, or wax buildup. Types of Ear Preparations 1. Ear Drops: Liquid preparations administered dropwise into the ear …
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Nasal Preparations: Definition, Types, Composition, Properties, Advantages, Disadvantages
Nasal preparations are pharmaceutical dosage forms designed for administration through the nasal route. They are formulated to deliver drugs either locally to the nasal cavity or systemically via absorption through the nasal mucosa. Types of Nasal Preparations 1. Nasal Drops:Liquid formulations instilled into the nasal cavity using a dropper. Use: …
Suppositories and Pessaries: Definition, Types, Composition, Properties, Advantages, Disadvantages
Suppositories Suppositories are solid dosage forms designed for insertion into body cavities such as the rectum, vagina, or (occasionally) the urethra, where they melt, dissolve, or soften to release their active ingredients for either local or systemic effects. Characteristics of Suppositories 1. Shape and Size: Rectal suppositories: Torpedo-shaped, approximately 2 …
Liniments and Lotions: Definition, Types, Composition, Properties, Advantages, Disadvantages
Liniments: Liniments are medicated topical formulations designed for external application to the skin. They are typically liquids or semiliquids and are intended to provide relief from pain, stiffness, or inflammation. Liniments are usually rubbed onto the skin, creating a warming or cooling sensation. Characteristics of Liniments 1. Consistency: Thin, fluid-like, …
Gels: Definition, Types, Composition, Properties, Advantages, Disadvantages
Definition: Gels are semisolid dosage forms in which a liquid phase (water or oil) is entrapped in a three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric network, resulting in a jelly-like consistency. Gels are used for topical, oral, ophthalmic, nasal, or rectal applications, depending on the active ingredient and formulation. Characteristics of Gels 1. Semi-Transparent: …
Pastes: Definition, Types, Composition, Properties, Advantages, Disadvantages
Definition: Pastes are semisolid dosage forms intended for external application on the skin or mucous membranes. They are characterized by their high content of finely powdered solid materials (20–50%) dispersed in a suitable base, resulting in a stiff consistency. The high solid content differentiates pastes from ointments and creams, making …
Creams: Definition, Types, Composition, Properties, Advantages, Disadvantages
Creams are semisolid emulsions intended for topical application on the skin or mucous membranes. They are typically a mixture of oil and water, with the consistency and type determined by the proportion of oil (lipid) and water. Creams are used for both therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Types of Creams 1. …
Ointments: Definition, Types, Composition, Properties, Advantages, Disadvantages
Definition: Ointments are semi-solid topical preparations intended for application on the skin or mucous membranes. They are typically greasy and contain a high proportion of an oily base. Ointments deliver therapeutic agents locally or systemically, protect the skin, and hydrate or lubricate the skin. Characteristics of Ointments 1. Semisolid Consistency: …
Dry Powder for Reconstitution: Definition, Types, Composition, Properties, Advantages, Disadvantages
Dry powder for reconstitution is a pharmaceutical dosage form where a dry, powdery mixture of active ingredients and excipients is packaged for reconstitution into a liquid preparation by adding a specified amount of solvent, typically water, immediately before use. This form is particularly suitable for drugs that are unstable in …
Suspension: Definition, Types, Composition, Properties, Advantages, Disadvantages
Definition: A suspension is a biphasic liquid dosage form containing finely divided insoluble solid particles dispersed uniformly in a liquid medium. The solids are maintained in suspension by employing suitable suspending agents. Suspensions are used for oral, topical, ophthalmic, and parenteral delivery of drugs. Characteristics of Suspensions 1. Heterogeneous System: …
