Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a critical hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the body. It is produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands, four small pea-sized glands on the thyroid gland. PTH plays a central role in maintaining calcium homeostasis through its effects on bone, kidneys, and the gastrointestinal tract. 1. Physiology of … Read more
Anti-thyroid drugs are medications designed to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the production of thyroid hormones, specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The most common conditions treated with these drugs include Graves’ disease and toxic nodular goiter. The two main classes of anti-thyroid drugs are thionamides, which include propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole, and iodine-containing drugs. 1. … Read more
Thyroid hormones are a class of chemical messengers produced by the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped endocrine organ located in the neck. The primary thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including metabolism, energy production, and the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. … Read more
Mucolytic agents help liquefy or thin mucus in the respiratory tract, making it easier to expel. These agents are commonly used to assist in managing respiratory conditions associated with producing thick and sticky mucus. Classification of Mucolytic Agents Mucolytic agents can be classified based on their primary mechanisms of action: 1. Direct Mucolytics: Direct mucolytics … Read more
Anti-tussive agents are medications designed to suppress or relieve coughing. They work by acting on the cough reflex and reducing the urge to cough. These agents are employed to alleviate symptoms associated with various respiratory conditions. Classification of Anti-Tussive Agents Anti-tussive agents can be classified into different categories based on their primary mechanisms of action: … Read more
Expectorants are medications that facilitate the removal of mucus from the respiratory tract by increasing the volume or hydration of respiratory secretions. They are commonly used to alleviate symptoms associated with respiratory conditions, making coughing more productive and promoting the clearance of phlegm. Classification of Expectorants Expectorants can be classified based on their primary components … Read more
Bronchodilators are a class of medications that relax and dilate the airways in the respiratory system. They are primarily used to manage various respiratory conditions characterized by bronchoconstriction, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Classification of Bronchodilators Bronchodilators are broadly classified into three main categories based on their mechanisms of action: 1. … Read more
Antidiuretic agents are medications that reduce urine production and promote water retention in the body. They are often used to manage conditions associated with excessive urine output. Classification of Antidiuretic Agents Antidiuretic agents can be classified into two main categories: 1. Vasopressin Analogs: Vasopressin analogs are synthetic versions of vasopressin, an antidiuretic hormone naturally produced … Read more
Diuretics are medications that increase the excretion of water and electrolytes from the body by promoting urine production. They are commonly used to manage conditions related to fluid retention. Classification of Diuretics Diuretics can be classified into several categories based on their mechanism of action and the site where they primarily act within the kidneys. … Read more
Definition: An anti-diarrheal is a substance or medication that relieves symptoms of diarrhea characterized by frequent, loose bowel movements. These agents reduce bowel motility, increase water absorption, or bind to toxins in the gastrointestinal tract. While effective for symptom management, they don’t address the underlying cause of diarrhea, necessitating treatment for long-term resolution. Classification of … Read more
