Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), also known as muscle relaxants, are a class of medications used to induce muscle relaxation and temporary paralysis. They act at the neuromuscular junction, blocking the transmission of nerve impulses to muscle fibers, which can be beneficial during surgery, mechanical ventilation, and certain medical procedures. Classification NMBAs are classified into two […]
Anti-adrenergic drugs, also known as adrenergic antagonists, are a class of medications that work by inhibiting the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine, the neurotransmitters that activate adrenergic receptors. Doctors use these drugs to block or counteract the effects of the adrenergic system, reducing the impact of sympathetic nervous system stimulation and treating various medical conditions. […]
Adrenergic drugs, also known as adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetic drugs, are medications that mimic or enhance the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which are neurotransmitters and hormones that activate adrenergic receptors in the body. Adrenergic receptors are part of the sympathetic nervous system and play a role in the “fight or flight” response. These drugs […]
Anticholinergic drugs, also known as anticholinergic drugs, block the effects of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that activates cholinergic receptors in the body. These drugs work by inhibiting the action of acetylcholine at its receptors, leading to a range of physiological effects. Definition Anticholinergic drugs are a class of medications that block the effects of acetylcholine at […]
Cholinergic drugs are a class of medications that mimic or enhance the effects of acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter plays a vital role in the nervous system and the communication between nerve cells and muscles. Acetylcholine plays a role in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, regulation of heart rate, gastrointestinal function, and memory. Cholinergic drugs can […]
Neurohumoral transmission is a process by which nerve signals are transmitted from one nerve cell (neuron) to another or from a neuron to an effector cell (such as a muscle or gland) by releasing chemical messengers, known as neurotransmitters or hormones. Process involves several steps 1. Action Potential Generation The process begins with generating an […]
The mechanism of drug action refers to the specific biochemical and physiological processes through which a drug exerts its effects on the body. It encompasses the interactions between the drug and its target molecules, cells, or organs, as well as the resulting changes in biological functions that lead to the desired therapeutic effects or potential […]
Excretion of drugs is a pharmacokinetic process that describes the removal of drugs and their metabolites from the body. After the body has absorbed, distributed, and metabolized a drug, it eliminates the drug to maintain homeostasis and prevent drug accumulation, which could lead to toxicity. Several routes and organs are involved in drug excretion: 1. […]
Biotransformation of drugs, also known as drug metabolism, refers to the body’s process of chemically altering a drug to facilitate its elimination from the body. Drug metabolism is a vital pharmacokinetic process that occurs primarily in the liver, although other tissues and organs can also contribute to these reactions. The primary objectives of drug biotransformation […]
Drug distribution is a fundamental pharmacokinetic process that follows drug absorption. It involves the movement of a drug throughout the body once it has entered the systemic circulation. The bloodstream distributes the drug to various tissues and organs, and this distribution can impact the drug’s concentration at the site of action, as well as its […]
