Pharmacotherapeutics

Eczema: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Screenshot 2024 06 02 163931 Eczema: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis (AD), is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by itchy, red, and dry skin. It commonly begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood, with periods of exacerbation and remission. Eczema is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Etiopathogenesis of Eczema The etiopathogenesis of eczema … Read more

Scabies: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Screenshot 2024 06 02 163107 Scabies: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

Scabies is a highly contagious parasitic infestation of the skin caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. It is characterized by intense itching and skin rash, primarily affecting areas with thin skin, such as the interdigital spaces of the fingers, wrists, elbows, axillae, waistline, buttocks, and genitalia. Scabies infestation occurs worldwide and can affect … Read more

Psoriasis: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Screenshot 2024 06 02 162719 Psoriasis: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder characterized by well-defined, red, scaly plaques. It is a systemic disease with potential involvement of multiple organ systems, primarily affecting the skin and joints. Psoriasis is considered an autoimmune condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, leading to rapid turnover of skin cells … Read more

Osteoarthritis (OA): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Screenshot 2024 06 02 161146 Osteoarthritis (OA): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a leading cause of chronic joint pain and disability. It is characterized by the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage within synovial joints, along with changes in the underlying bone and surrounding soft tissues. OA primarily affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, spine, and … Read more

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Screenshot 2024 06 02 160823 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the joints. It is characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining of diarthrodial joints, leading to cartilage and bone damage. RA typically affects multiple joints symmetrically and can result in significant disability and systemic complications. Etiopathogenesis The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not fully … Read more

Viral Infections – SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Screenshot 2024 02 27 170229 Viral Infections - SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It was first identified in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and has since led to a global pandemic. Etiopathogenesis 1. Transmission: Primarily spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. 2. Viral Entry: SARS-CoV-2 enters human cells via the … Read more

Opportunistic Infections: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Screenshot 2024 02 26 154002 Opportunistic Infections: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections caused by pathogens that typically do not cause disease in individuals with intact immune systems but can exploit weakened immunity, as seen in conditions such as HIV/AIDS, immunosuppressive therapies, or certain medical conditions. Opportunistic infections can affect various organs and systems, leading to severe and potentially life-threatening complications. Etiopathogenesis 1. … Read more

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Screenshot 2024 02 26 153357 HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which play a crucial role in the body’s defense mechanism. The virus can lead to the progressive failure of the immune system and, if untreated, can result in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Etiopathogenesis 1. Transmission: HIV is primarily transmitted through … Read more

Syphilis: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

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Screenshot 2024 02 26 152446 Syphilis: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific clinical manifestations. If left untreated, syphilis can lead to severe complications, affecting various organs and systems. Etiopathogenesis 1. Transmission:    – Mainly transmitted through sexual contact (vaginal, anal, or oral) with an infected … Read more

Gonorrhea: Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Nonpharmacological and Pharmacological Management

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Screenshot 2024 02 26 151221 Gonorrhea: Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Nonpharmacological and Pharmacological Management

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It primarily affects the genital tract but can also involve other mucous membranes, leading to a range of clinical manifestations. Etiopathogenesis 1. Causative Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative bacterium. 2. Transmission: Primarily through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected individual. 3. Site … Read more