Definition Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis (AD), is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by itchy, red, and dry skin. It commonly begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood, with periods of exacerbation and remission. Eczema is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Â Etiopathogenesis …
DeepakRajput 
Scabies: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Definition: Scabies is a highly contagious parasitic infestation of the skin caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. It is characterized by intense itching and skin rash, primarily affecting areas with thin skin, such as the interdigital spaces of the fingers, wrists, elbows, axillae, waistline, buttocks, and genitalia. Scabies …
Psoriasis: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Definition: Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder characterized by well-defined, red, scaly plaques. It is a systemic disease with potential involvement of multiple organ systems, primarily affecting the skin and joints. Psoriasis is considered an autoimmune condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, leading …
Osteoarthritis (OA): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Definition: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a leading cause of chronic joint pain and disability. It is characterized by the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage within synovial joints, along with changes in the underlying bone and surrounding soft tissues. OA primarily affects weight-bearing joints such …
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Definition: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the joints. It is characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining of diarthrodial joints, leading to cartilage and bone damage. RA typically affects multiple joints symmetrically and can result in significant disability and systemic complications. Etiopathogenesis: The exact cause …
Viral Infections – SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It was first identified in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and has since led to a global pandemic. Etiopathogenesis 1. Transmission: Primarily spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. 2. Viral Entry: SARS-CoV-2 …
Opportunistic Infections: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections caused by pathogens that typically do not cause disease in individuals with intact immune systems but can exploit weakened immunity, as seen in conditions such as HIV/AIDS, immunosuppressive therapies, or certain medical conditions. Opportunistic infections can affect various organs and systems, leading to severe and …
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which play a crucial role in the body’s defense mechanism. The virus can lead to the progressive failure of the immune system and, if untreated, can result in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Etiopathogenesis 1. Transmission: …
Syphilis: Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non-pharmacological and pharmacological management
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific clinical manifestations. If left untreated, syphilis can lead to severe complications, affecting various organs and systems. Etiopathogenesis 1. Transmission: – Mainly transmitted through sexual contact (vaginal, anal, …
Gonorrhea: Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Nonpharmacological and Pharmacological Management
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It primarily affects the genital tract but can also involve other mucous membranes, leading to a range of clinical manifestations. Etiopathogenesis 1. Causative Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative bacterium. 2. Transmission: Primarily through unprotected sexual intercourse with …
