Unit 2 Archives - Pharmaacademias

Energetics: Formation and Role of ATP, Creatine Phosphate, and BMR

February 24, 2025April 22, 2024 by DeepakRajput

Energetics refers to the study of energy transformation, utilization, and exchange within biological systems. It encompasses the processes by which organisms acquire, store, and expend energy to maintain vital functions, perform work, and sustain life processes. In biological contexts, energetics encompasses various metabolic pathways, energy transduction mechanisms, and regulatory processes that govern energy metabolism, including … Read more

Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

April 22, 2024 by DeepakRajput

Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the structure and function of the digestive system. These disorders can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, and anus, as well as associated organs such as the liver, pancreas, and … Read more

Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients

April 22, 2024 by DeepakRajput

Digestion: Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. It occurs in several stages, primarily within the gastrointestinal tract, involving mechanical and chemical processes. 1. Mechanical Digestion: Mechanical digestion involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles, increasing its surface … Read more

Movements of GIT

April 22, 2024 by DeepakRajput

The movements of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), also known as gastrointestinal motility, are complex and coordinated processes that facilitate the movement of food and digestive secretions along the length of the digestive system. These movements are essential for the digestion, absorption, and elimination of nutrients and waste products. Gastrointestinal motility involves a combination of smooth … Read more

Liver: Definition, Anatomy, and Functions

April 17, 2024 by DeepakRajput

Definition: The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body, located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen. It performs a wide range of vital functions essential for metabolism, digestion, detoxification, and immune defense. Anatomy of the Liver: 1. Location: The liver is situated beneath the diaphragm, primarily on the right side … Read more

Pancreas: Definition, Anatomy, and Functions

April 9, 2024 by DeepakRajput

Definition: The pancreas is a vital organ located in the abdominal cavity with both endocrine and exocrine functions. It plays a crucial role in digestion and glucose metabolism by producing digestive enzymes and hormones, including insulin and glucagon. Anatomy of the Pancreas: 1. Location: The pancreas is located behind the stomach, extending horizontally across the … Read more

Salivary Glands: Definition, Anatomy, and Functions

April 9, 2024 by DeepakRajput

Definition: Salivary glands are a group of exocrine glands located in and around the oral cavity that produce saliva. Saliva is a watery fluid containing enzymes, electrolytes, mucins, and antibacterial compounds. It plays a crucial role in lubricating the oral cavity, initiating digestion, and protecting the teeth and oral mucosa. Anatomy of Salivary Glands: 1. … Read more

Anatomy, and functions of small intestine and large intestine

April 24, 2024April 9, 2024 by DeepakRajput

Small Intestine Definition: The small intestine is a vital part of the digestive system in humans and many other animals. It is a long, coiled tube that is situated between the stomach and the large intestine. Despite its name, the small intestine is actually longer than the large intestine, although it has a smaller diameter. … Read more

Role of pepsin in protein digestion

March 19, 2025April 9, 2024 by DeepakRajput

Role of pepsin in protein digestion: Pepsin plays a crucial role in the digestion of proteins within the stomach. It is a digestive enzyme produced and secreted by chief cells in the gastric glands of the stomach lining. Pepsinogen, the inactive precursor of pepsin, is also secreted by chief cells and activated to pepsin through … Read more

Acid production: definition, Mechanism, and regulation through the parasympathetic nervous system

March 19, 2025April 8, 2024 by DeepakRajput

Acid production in the stomach is a vital physiological process that plays a crucial role in digestion, protection against pathogens, and nutrient absorption. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid (HCl) in response to various stimuli, including the presence of food, gastrin hormone release, and neural signals. The regulation of acid secretion in the stomach occurs through … Read more