Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It primarily affects the genital tract but can also involve other mucous membranes, leading to a range of clinical manifestations.

Etiopathogenesis

1. Causative Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative bacterium.

2. Transmission: Primarily through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected individual.

3. Site of Infection: Genital tract (urethra, cervix, rectum, and throat) and, less commonly, the eyes.

4. Incubation Period: Typically 2 to 14 days after exposure.

Clinical Manifestations

1. Urethral Infection (in men): Dysuria, urethral discharge, and in some cases, testicular pain and swelling.

2. Cervical Infection (in women): Often asymptomatic, but can cause vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and abnormal bleeding.

3. Rectal Infection: Anal discomfort, discharge, and bleeding.

4. Throat Infection: Pharyngitis, usually asymptomatic.

Complications

1. Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI): Can lead to skin lesions, arthritis, and, rarely, life-threatening sepsis.

2. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): In women, ascending infection can cause inflammation of the reproductive organs, leading to infertility or ectopic pregnancy.

3. Neonatal Conjunctivitis: Newborns exposed during childbirth may develop eye infections.

Diagnostic Evaluation

1. Culture: Isolating N. gonorrhoeae from clinical specimens.

2. Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs): Highly sensitive and specific for detecting gonorrhea.

3. Gram Stain: Identifying characteristic Gram-negative diplococci in clinical samples.

Non-pharmacological Management

1. Prevention: Safe sex practices, consistent condom use, and regular STI screenings.

2. Partner Notification: Identifying and informing sexual partners to prevent further spread.

3. Abstinence: Temporarily avoiding sexual activity during treatment to prevent reinfection.

Pharmacological Management

1. Antibiotics: Dual therapy with ceftriaxone (intramuscular injection) and azithromycin (oral) is the current recommended treatment.

2. Follow-up Testing: To ensure successful eradication of the infection, usually conducted 1-2 weeks after treatment.

3. Treatment of Partners: Ensuring that sexual partners are also treated to prevent reinfection.

Public Health Measures

1. Contact Tracing: Identifying and notifying individuals who may have been exposed.

2. Education: Promoting awareness about safe sexual practices and regular STI screenings.

3. Vaccination: No specific vaccine for gonorrhea exists, but preventive measures like vaccination against other STIs can be beneficial.

In conclusion, gonorrhea is a common and potentially serious STI caused by N. gonorrhoeae. Prompt diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and preventive measures are crucial in managing individual cases and preventing the spread of infection within communities. Regular STI screenings and safe sexual practices are key components of public health efforts to control gonorrhea.