Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering: Genetic engineering is a branch of biotechnology that involves the direct manipulation of an organism’s genetic material (DNA) to alter its characteristics in a specific way. It allows scientists to isolate, modify, and insert genes into organisms to produce desired traits or products. This technology is widely applied in agriculture, … Read more
Introduction to Enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions. They are primarily proteins and are specific in their action. Industrial enzymes are used in various sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, detergents, and biotechnology. General Considerations for Enzyme Production Enzyme production is a multifaceted biotechnological process that involves the careful selection and manipulation … Read more
Microbes in the Pharmaceutical Industry Microbes in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Microorganisms, or microbes, are tiny life forms including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, yeast, and viruses that play an essential role in various sectors of the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical potential of microbes lies in their ability to produce bioactive compounds, including antibiotics, enzymes, hormones, vitamins, vaccines, … Read more
Introduction of Protein Engineering Protein engineering is a cutting-edge field in biotechnology focused on the design and modification of proteins to develop new or improved functions. Proteins, being essential biological macromolecules, perform a myriad of roles such as catalysis (enzymes), structural support, transport, defense, and regulation. By manipulating their sequences and structures, scientists can enhance … Read more
1. Introduction to Biosensors A biosensors is an analytical device that combines a biological sensing element (bioreceptor) with a physicochemical transducer to detect and quantify specific substances (analytes). Biosensors are widely used in fields like healthcare, environmental monitoring, food quality control, and especially in the pharmaceutical industry due to their ability to provide rapid, accurate, … Read more
1. Introduction to Enzyme Biotechnology Enzyme biotechnology is a branch of biotechnology that focuses on the development and application of enzymes for industrial, medical, environmental, and research purposes. Enzymes are biocatalysts that accelerate chemical reactions with high specificity and efficiency under mild conditions of temperature and pH. The advent of enzyme biotechnology has revolutionized industries … Read more
1. Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Biotechnology is the integration of biology and technology where biological systems, living organisms, or their derivatives are used to develop products and services for various purposes. This science is deeply interdisciplinary, pulling knowledge from fields such as molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, genetics, and chemical engineering. Biotechnology plays a … Read more
Absorption of Drugs from Non-Per-Oral Absorption of Drugs from Non-Per-Oral: Drug administration via non-per-oral extravascular routes refers to delivering therapeutic agents into the body through alternative pathways that do not involve the gastrointestinal tract or direct vascular access (such as intravenous or intra-arterial routes). These methods are employed to bypass challenges like poor oral bioavailability, … Read more
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug absorption is defined as the process through which a drug molecule travels from the site of administration into the systemic circulation. In the case of orally administered pharmaceuticals, absorption occurs primarily across the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The efficiency, rate, and extent of … Read more
Absorption of drugs in GIT Absorption of drugs in GIT: Absorption is one of the most fundamental and critical phases in the pharmacokinetic profile of a drug. In the context of oral drug administration, absorption refers to the movement of the drug from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the systemic circulation, where it can exert … Read more
