The manufacture, sale, and export of opium are highly regulated activities, controlled by international treaties and national laws to prevent abuse, illegal trafficking, and misuse. Given opium’s critical role in the production of important pharmaceutical drugs (e.g., morphine, codeine) and its potential for abuse, governments have established stringent guidelines to ensure that its production and … Read more
The cultivation of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and the production of poppy straw are strictly regulated globally due to the plant’s potential for narcotic substance production, especially opiates like morphine, codeine, and thebaine. These substances are crucial in medicine but also have high potential for abuse. The legal framework surrounding the prohibition, control, and regulation … Read more
The National Fund for Control of Drug Abuse is a crucial financial mechanism established under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS Act). The fund is designed to support the efforts of the government in combating drug abuse, drug trafficking, and the associated challenges that arise from the illicit use of narcotic drugs … Read more
General Introduction Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), also known as cilantro (for its leaves) or Chinese parsley, is a herb from the Apiaceae family. It is native to regions spanning Southern Europe, North Africa, and Southwestern Asia. The plant is grown for both its leaves and seeds, which are extensively used in culinary practices across various cultures. … Read more
General Introduction Fennel is a flowering plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, native to the Mediterranean region but now widely cultivated worldwide. The plant is known for its aromatic seeds, leaves, and bulbs, which are used both as a culinary spice and for medicinal purposes. Fennel is particularly valued in the Mediterranean, Indian, and Middle … Read more
General Introduction Cinnamon is one of the oldest known spices, derived from the inner bark of trees belonging to the Cinnamomum genus, primarily Cinnamomum verum (True Cinnamon or Ceylon Cinnamon) and Cinnamomum cassia (Cassia). It is native to Sri Lanka, India, China, and Southeast Asia. Cinnamon is highly valued for its sweet, warm aroma and … Read more
General Introduction Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a dried flower bud derived from the tree of the same name, native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and now widely cultivated in tropical regions such as Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and India. Clove has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, cooking, and perfumery due to its aromatic … Read more
General Introduction Mentha, commonly known as mint, is a genus of plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, comprising about 25-30 species. These aromatic perennials are native to Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa. Mint plants are well known for their refreshing aroma, cooling sensation, and diverse applications in food, cosmetics, medicine, and aromatherapy. The most … Read more
Introduction Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are concentrated hydrophobic liquids containing volatile aroma compounds extracted from plants. They are termed “volatile” due to their ability to evaporate at room temperature, thus readily releasing their aromatic components into the air. These oils are responsible for the characteristic fragrances of plants and are widely used … Read more
General Introduction Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennials, shrubs, and biennials commonly known as foxgloves. The most commonly known species within this genus, Digitalis purpurea (the common foxglove), has been used medicinally for centuries, primarily for its cardiac glycosides, which are compounds that influence heart function. Digitalis is native to … Read more
