International Nonproprietary Names (INN) are unique names given to pharmaceutical substances or active ingredients, as standardized by the World Health Organization (WHO). These names are recognized globally and are intended to provide a universal standard for the identification of drugs, free from the limitations and confusion of brand names and regional trade names. The INN … Read more
The Defined Daily Dose (DDD) is an internationally recognized statistical unit developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) through its Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. It represents the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug when used for its principal indication in adult populations. This standardized metric facilitates meaningful comparisons of drug … Read more
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a standardized system used globally for the classification of diseases, health conditions, and related health problems. Maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO), the ICD provides a comprehensive framework for identifying and documenting diseases and various health conditions in a universally accepted format. 1. Overview of the International … Read more
Drug and Disease Classification: Anatomical, Therapeutic, and Chemical Classification of Drugs Drug and disease classification systems are essential frameworks in healthcare and pharmacology. They provide a standardized approach for organizing and categorizing drugs based on their anatomical site of action, therapeutic use, chemical structure, and mechanism of action. These classifications aid in drug discovery, clinical … Read more
1. Introduction to Total Quality Management Total Quality Management: In today’s hyper-competitive global market, where customer expectations are ever-evolving and regulatory pressures are mounting, quality is not merely an operational requirement—it is a strategic imperative. This is especially true in industries such as pharmaceuticals, healthcare, biotechnology, aerospace, and manufacturing, where a small deviation from quality … Read more
1. Introduction to Quality control Quality control: The pharmaceutical industry is a cornerstone of modern healthcare systems, entrusted with the monumental responsibility of delivering high-quality, safe, and efficacious therapeutic agents to patients worldwide. In this highly regulated environment, the importance of maintaining stringent standards cannot be overstated. Three foundational concepts—Quality Control (QC), Quality Assurance (QA), … Read more
Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering: Genetic engineering is a branch of biotechnology that involves the direct manipulation of an organism’s genetic material (DNA) to alter its characteristics in a specific way. It allows scientists to isolate, modify, and insert genes into organisms to produce desired traits or products. This technology is widely applied in agriculture, … Read more
Introduction to Enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions. They are primarily proteins and are specific in their action. Industrial enzymes are used in various sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, detergents, and biotechnology. General Considerations for Enzyme Production Enzyme production is a multifaceted biotechnological process that involves the careful selection and manipulation … Read more
Microbes in the Pharmaceutical Industry Microbes in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Microorganisms, or microbes, are tiny life forms including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, yeast, and viruses that play an essential role in various sectors of the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical potential of microbes lies in their ability to produce bioactive compounds, including antibiotics, enzymes, hormones, vitamins, vaccines, … Read more
Introduction of Protein Engineering Protein engineering is a cutting-edge field in biotechnology focused on the design and modification of proteins to develop new or improved functions. Proteins, being essential biological macromolecules, perform a myriad of roles such as catalysis (enzymes), structural support, transport, defense, and regulation. By manipulating their sequences and structures, scientists can enhance … Read more
