The WHO Drug Dictionary (WHO-DD) is an internationally recognized database of medicinal products and their related information, developed and maintained by the Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC), the World Health Organization’s Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring. It is primarily used in pharmacovigilance, clinical trials, and drug safety monitoring for identifying and coding medications across various … Read more
MedDRA and SMQs MedDRA and SMQs: MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities) is a globally standardized medical terminology developed by the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). It is used in regulatory submissions, clinical trials, and post-marketing surveillance to describe adverse drug reactions (ADRs), medical conditions, and therapeutic … Read more
In pharmacovigilance, drug dictionaries and coding systems play a crucial role in ensuring accurate and consistent documentation, reporting, and analysis of drug-related information, especially in the context of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). These standardized systems help in the collection, classification, and analysis of drug safety data, ensuring uniformity across regions and institutions. Coding systems facilitate … Read more
International Nonproprietary Names (INN) are unique names given to pharmaceutical substances or active ingredients, as standardized by the World Health Organization (WHO). These names are recognized globally and are intended to provide a universal standard for the identification of drugs, free from the limitations and confusion of brand names and regional trade names. The INN … Read more
The Defined Daily Dose (DDD) is an internationally recognized statistical unit developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) through its Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. It represents the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug when used for its principal indication in adult populations. This standardized metric facilitates meaningful comparisons of drug … Read more
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a standardized system used globally for the classification of diseases, health conditions, and related health problems. Maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO), the ICD provides a comprehensive framework for identifying and documenting diseases and various health conditions in a universally accepted format. 1. Overview of the International … Read more
Drug and Disease Classification: Anatomical, Therapeutic, and Chemical Classification of Drugs Drug and disease classification systems are essential frameworks in healthcare and pharmacology. They provide a standardized approach for organizing and categorizing drugs based on their anatomical site of action, therapeutic use, chemical structure, and mechanism of action. These classifications aid in drug discovery, clinical … Read more
1. Introduction to Total Quality Management Total Quality Management: In today’s hyper-competitive global market, where customer expectations are ever-evolving and regulatory pressures are mounting, quality is not merely an operational requirement—it is a strategic imperative. This is especially true in industries such as pharmaceuticals, healthcare, biotechnology, aerospace, and manufacturing, where a small deviation from quality … Read more
1. Introduction to Quality control Quality control: The pharmaceutical industry is a cornerstone of modern healthcare systems, entrusted with the monumental responsibility of delivering high-quality, safe, and efficacious therapeutic agents to patients worldwide. In this highly regulated environment, the importance of maintaining stringent standards cannot be overstated. Three foundational concepts—Quality Control (QC), Quality Assurance (QA), … Read more
Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering: Genetic engineering is a branch of biotechnology that involves the direct manipulation of an organism’s genetic material (DNA) to alter its characteristics in a specific way. It allows scientists to isolate, modify, and insert genes into organisms to produce desired traits or products. This technology is widely applied in agriculture, … Read more
