1. Nature

Alpha (α): Consists of helium nuclei (2 protons and two neutrons).

Beta (β): Involves high-energy electrons (β⁻) or positrons (β⁺) emitted from the nucleus during a process of neutron-proton conversion.

Gamma (γ): Electromagnetic radiation similar to X-rays but with higher energy.

2. Charge

Alpha (α): Positively charged.

Beta (β): Negatively charged (β⁻) or positively charged (β⁺).

Gamma (γ): Electrically neutral.

3. Mass

Alpha (α): Relatively heavy with a mass of 4 atomic mass units (amu).

Beta (β): Much lighter than alpha particles.

Gamma (γ): Massless.

4. Penetration Power

Alpha (α): Low penetration; can be stopped by a sheet of paper or a few centimeters of air.

Beta (β): Moderately penetrative; can penetrate several millimeters of materials like plastic or aluminum.

Gamma (γ): Highly penetrative; requires dense materials like lead or several centimeters of lead or concrete to attenuate.

5. Ionization Ability

Alpha (α): High ionization potential; can cause significant ionization in a short distance.

Beta (β): Intermediate ionization ability.

Gamma (γ): Low ionization potential; tends to pass through matter with minimal ionization.

6. Interaction with Matter

Alpha (α): Interacts through collisions, leading to ionization and excitation of atoms.

Beta (β): Interacts through both coulombic interactions and electromagnetic interactions.

Gamma (γ): Interacts primarily through electromagnetic interactions.

7. Speed

Alpha (α): Relatively slow, with speeds around 5-10% of the speed of light.

Beta (β): Can achieve speeds up to 99% of the speed of light.

Gamma (γ): Travels at the speed of light.

8. Origin

Alpha (α): Emitted from the nucleus during certain types of radioactive decay (e.g., alpha decay).

Beta (β): Emitted during the nucleus’s processes like beta decay (neutron-proton conversion).

Gamma (γ): Emitted due to nuclear transitions and rearrangements.

9. Charged Particle Deflection

Alpha (α): Easily deflected by electric and magnetic fields.

Beta (β): Deflected by electric and magnetic fields but to a lesser extent than alpha particles.

Gamma (γ): Not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.

10. Detection

 Alpha (α): Detected by instruments like a Geiger-Muller counter.

 Beta (β): Detected using scintillation counters or other detectors.

 Gamma (γ): Detected using scintillation detectors or Geiger-Muller counters.

Understanding these properties is crucial for assessing the behavior, interactions, and safety considerations associated with different types of ionizing radiation in various applications, including medicine, industry, and research.