Teratogens are substances that can cause congenital abnormalities or birth defects in a developing fetus when a pregnant woman is exposed to them. These substances can affect the fetus at any stage of pregnancy but are particularly harmful during the organogenesis period (the first trimester). Biological Sources Teratogens can be of various origins, including drugs, … Read more
Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain. It is a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors that lead to the development and persistence of addictive behaviours. Key Components of Addiction 1. Compulsive Behavior – Individuals with addiction … Read more
The use of psychotropics, narcotics, alcohol, and tobacco products can have significant social impacts on health productivity and may contribute to suicidal behaviors. Here’s an overview of how these substances can affect social well-being: Psychotropics Social Impact: – Stigma and Discrimination: Society often stigmatizes mental health conditions, commonly treated with psychotropic medications, leading to discrimination … Read more
A class of organic compounds, alcohol, is characterized by a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. In common usage, the term “alcohol” often specifically refers to ethanol (ethyl alcohol), found in alcoholic beverages. Yeast ferments sugars, converting them into alcohol and carbon dioxide to produce ethanol. In alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, … Read more
Excipients are inert substances added to pharmaceutical formulations to improve the stability, bioavailability, palatability, and overall performance of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). In the formulation of liquid dosage forms, various excipients play crucial roles in ensuring the medication’s safety, efficacy, and acceptability. Here’s a detailed note on the excipients commonly used in the formulation … Read more
