Antibiotics

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD): Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

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Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by periods of flare-ups and remissions. The two main types of IBD are Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). These conditions involve complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. Etiopathogenesis 1. Genetic Factors: There is a genetic predisposition to IBD, … Read more

Nutritional requirements raw materials used for culture media

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Culture media play a crucial role in microbiological laboratories as they provide a nutrient-rich environment for the growth and study of microorganisms. The composition of culture media, including nutritional requirements and raw materials, varies depending on the type of microorganism being cultured. Here’s a detailed note on nutritional requirements and raw materials used for culture … Read more

Environmental Pollution Due to Pharmaceuticals

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The rise of pharmaceutical pollution in the environment has become a significant global concern, reflecting the unintended consequences of modern healthcare practices. Pharmaceutical pollution refers to releasing pharmaceutical substances and their metabolites into the environment, posing risks to ecosystems, aquatic life, and potentially human health. This issue arises from pharmaceuticals’ production, consumption, and disposal, presenting … Read more

Mechanisms of antimicrobials

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The mechanisms of antimicrobials vary based on the type of microorganism they target (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) and the specific class of antimicrobial agent. Here’s an overview of the general mechanisms for different categories: 1. Antibiotics (Bacterial Infections) Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis: Antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell … Read more

Antimicrobials – Definition, Classification

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Anti-microbials refer to substances or agents that can inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These agents are crucial in preventing, controlling, and treating infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Different classes of antimicrobial agents are designed to target specific types of microorganisms or interfere with their growth and … Read more

Definitions and preparations of eardrops

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Eardrops, also known as ear or otic drops, are pharmaceutical or therapeutic solutions designed for application directly into the ear canal. They are used for various purposes, including treating ear infections, softening earwax, relieving ear pain, and delivering medications to the ear. Here are some key definitions and preparations related to eardrops: 1. Eardrops Definition: … Read more

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