Understanding the chemical properties of drug substances is critical for predicting their stability, compatibility, and overall behavior during formulation, storage, and administration. Here, we detail key chemical processes including hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemization, and polymerization, along with their significance in pharmaceutical development. Hydrolysis – Definition: Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction …
DeepakRajput 
Drug Metabolism: Principles, Phase I, and Phase II Reactions
Introduction: Drug metabolism refers to the enzymatic transformation of drugs and xenobiotics within the body, leading to the formation of metabolites that are often more hydrophilic and easier to excrete. This process plays a crucial role in drug efficacy, bioavailability, and toxicity. Understanding the principles and mechanisms of drug metabolism …
Biotransformation
Biotransformation of drugs, also known as drug metabolism, refers to the body’s process of chemically altering a drug to facilitate its elimination from the body. Drug metabolism is a vital pharmacokinetic process that occurs primarily in the liver, although other tissues and organs can also contribute to these reactions. The …
Concepts of Oxidation and Reduction
Oxidation and reduction are fundamental concepts in chemistry that describe the transfer of electrons between substances. These processes are vital in various chemical reactions, from combustion to biological processes. This comprehensive overview explores the key principles, definitions, and real-world applications of oxidation and reduction. 1. Definition of Oxidation and Reduction …
