Radiation

Teratogens: Study of Biological Source, Chemical Nature, and Uses of Drugs of Natural Origin

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Teratogens are substances that can cause congenital abnormalities or birth defects in a developing fetus when a pregnant woman is exposed to them. These substances can affect the fetus at any stage of pregnancy but are particularly harmful during the organogenesis period (the first trimester). Biological Sources Teratogens can be of various origins, including drugs, … Read more

Heat Transfer by Conduction, Convection, and Radiation:

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1. Conduction: Definition: Conduction is the transfer of heat through a material without any apparent movement of the material itself. It occurs due to the collision of neighboring particles and the subsequent transfer of kinetic energy from high-temperature regions to low-temperature regions. Key Concepts: – Thermal Conductivity (k): Materials with higher thermal conductivity conduct heat … Read more

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