Disorders of the kidney encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the structure and function of the kidneys, leading to impaired filtration, secretion, reabsorption, and excretion of substances. These disorders can be congenital or acquired and may affect one or both kidneys. Let’s explore some of the most common …
DeepakRajput 
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Definition, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Non-pharmacological and Pharmacological Management
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are microbial infections that affect any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. They are commonly caused by bacteria, but viruses and fungi can also be responsible. UTIs can be categorized as lower (cystitis, urethritis) or upper (pyelonephritis) depending on the …
Penicillins: Classification, Dose, Indications, and Contraindications
Penicillins are a class of antibiotics with a common core structure known as a beta-lactam ring. They were the first antibiotics discovered and revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections. Here’s an overview of penicillins: Chemical Structure Penicillins have a beta-lactam ring and are classified based on their side-chain structure. The …
